Migrating from 5.x to 6.x

Please note: we plan to discontinue Mongoose 5 support on March 1, 2024. Please see our version support guide.

There are several backwards-breaking changes you should be aware of when migrating from Mongoose 5.x to Mongoose 6.x.

If you're still on Mongoose 4.x, please read the Mongoose 4.x to 5.x migration guide and upgrade to Mongoose 5.x first.

Version Requirements

Mongoose now requires Node.js >= 12.0.0. Mongoose still supports MongoDB server versions back to 3.0.0.

MongoDB Driver 4.0

Mongoose now uses v4.x of the MongoDB Node driver. See the MongoDB Node drivers' migration guide for detailed info. Below are some of the most noteworthy changes:

  • MongoDB Driver 4.x is written in TypeScript and has its own TypeScript type definitions. These may conflict with @types/mongodb, so if you have TypeScript compiler errors please make sure you upgrade to the latest version of @types/mongodb, which is an empty stub.
  • The poolSize option for connections has been replaced with minPoolSize and maxPoolSize. The Mongoose 5.x poolSize option is equivalent to the Mongoose 6 maxPoolSize option. The default value of maxPoolSize has been increased to 100.
  • The result of updateOne() and updateMany() is now different.
  • The result of deleteOne() and deleteMany() no longer has an n property.
const res = await TestModel.updateMany({}, { someProperty: 'someValue' });

res.matchedCount; // Number of documents that were found that match the filter. Replaces `res.n`
res.modifiedCount; // Number of documents modified. Replaces `res.nModified`
res.upsertedCount; // Number of documents upserted. Replaces `res.upserted`

const res = await TestModel.deleteMany({});

// In Mongoose 6: `{ acknowledged: true, deletedCount: 2 }`
// In Mongoose 5: `{ n: 2, ok: 1, deletedCount: 2 }`
res;

res.deletedCount; // Number of documents that were deleted. Replaces `res.n`

No More Deprecation Warning Options

useNewUrlParser, useUnifiedTopology, useFindAndModify, and useCreateIndex are no longer supported options. Mongoose 6 always behaves as if useNewUrlParser, useUnifiedTopology, and useCreateIndex are true, and useFindAndModify is false. Please remove these options from your code.

// No longer necessary:
mongoose.set('useFindAndModify', false);

await mongoose.connect('mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/test', {
  useNewUrlParser: true, // <-- no longer necessary
  useUnifiedTopology: true // <-- no longer necessary
});

The asPromise() Method for Connections

Mongoose connections are no longer thenable. This means that await mongoose.createConnection(uri) no longer waits for Mongoose to connect. Use mongoose.createConnection(uri).asPromise() instead. See #8810.

// The below no longer works in Mongoose 6
await mongoose.createConnection(uri);

// Do this instead
await mongoose.createConnection(uri).asPromise();

mongoose.connect() Returns a Promise

The mongoose.connect() function now always returns a promise, not a Mongoose instance.

Duplicate Query Execution

Mongoose no longer allows executing the same query object twice. If you do, you'll get a Query was already executed error. Executing the same query instance twice is typically indicative of mixing callbacks and promises, but if you need to execute the same query twice, you can call Query#clone() to clone the query and re-execute it. See gh-7398

// Results in 'Query was already executed' error, because technically this `find()` query executes twice.
await Model.find({}, function(err, result) {});

const q = Model.find();
await q;
await q.clone(); // Can `clone()` the query to allow executing the query again

Model.exists(...) now returns a lean document instead of boolean

// in Mongoose 5.x, `existingUser` used to be a boolean
// now `existingUser` will be either `{ _id: ObjectId(...) }` or `null`.
const existingUser = await User.exists({ name: 'John' });
if (existingUser) {
  console.log(existingUser._id);
}

strictQuery is now equal to strict by default

Mongoose no longer supports a strictQuery option. You must now use strict. As of Mongoose 6.0.10, we brought back the strictQuery option. However, strictQuery is tied to strict by default. This means that, by default, Mongoose will filter out query filter properties that are not in the schema.

const userSchema = new Schema({ name: String });
const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);

// By default, this is equivalent to `User.find()` because Mongoose filters out `notInSchema`
await User.find({ notInSchema: 1 });

// Set `strictQuery: false` to opt in to filtering by properties that aren't in the schema
await User.find({ notInSchema: 1 }, null, { strictQuery: false });
// equivalent:
await User.find({ notInSchema: 1 }).setOptions({ strictQuery: false });

You can also disable strictQuery globally to override:

mongoose.set('strictQuery', false);

MongoError is now MongoServerError

In MongoDB Node.js Driver v4.x, 'MongoError' is now 'MongoServerError'. Please change any code that depends on the hardcoded string 'MongoError'.

Clone Discriminator Schemas By Default

Mongoose now clones discriminator schemas by default. This means you need to pass { clone: false } to discriminator() if you're using recursive embedded discriminators.

// In Mongoose 6, these two are equivalent:
User.discriminator('author', authorSchema);
User.discriminator('author', authorSchema.clone());

// To opt out if `clone()` is causing issues, pass `clone: false`
User.discriminator('author', authorSchema, { clone: false });

Simplified isValidObjectId() and separate isObjectIdOrHexString()

In Mongoose 5, mongoose.isValidObjectId() returned false for values like numbers, which was inconsistent with the MongoDB driver's ObjectId.isValid() function. Technically, any JavaScript number can be converted to a MongoDB ObjectId.

In Mongoose 6, mongoose.isValidObjectId() is just a wrapper for mongoose.Types.ObjectId.isValid() for consistency.

Mongoose 6.2.5 now includes a mongoose.isObjectIdOrHexString() function, which does a better job of capturing the more common use case for isValidObjectId(): is the given value an ObjectId instance or a 24 character hex string representing an ObjectId?

// `isValidObjectId()` returns `true` for some surprising values, because these
// values are _technically_ ObjectId representations
mongoose.isValidObjectId(new mongoose.Types.ObjectId()); // true
mongoose.isValidObjectId('0123456789ab'); // true
mongoose.isValidObjectId(6); // true
mongoose.isValidObjectId(new User({ name: 'test' })); // true

// `isObjectIdOrHexString()` instead only returns `true` for ObjectIds and 24
// character hex strings.
mongoose.isObjectIdOrHexString(new mongoose.Types.ObjectId()); // true
mongoose.isObjectIdOrHexString('62261a65d66c6be0a63c051f'); // true
mongoose.isObjectIdOrHexString('0123456789ab'); // false
mongoose.isObjectIdOrHexString(6); // false

Schema Defined Document Key Order

Mongoose now saves objects with keys in the order the keys are specified in the schema, not in the user-defined object. So whether Object.keys(new User({ name: String, email: String }).toObject() is ['name', 'email'] or ['email', 'name'] depends on the order name and email are defined in your schema.

const schema = new Schema({
  profile: {
    name: {
      first: String,
      last: String
    }
  }
});
const Test = db.model('Test', schema);

const doc = new Test({
  profile: { name: { last: 'Musashi', first: 'Miyamoto' } }
});

// Note that 'first' comes before 'last', even though the argument to `new Test()` flips the key order.
// Mongoose uses the schema's key order, not the provided objects' key order.
assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(doc.toObject().profile.name), ['first', 'last']);

sanitizeFilter and trusted()

Mongoose 6 introduces a new sanitizeFilter option to globals and queries that defends against query selector injection attacks. If you enable sanitizeFilter, Mongoose will wrap any object in the query filter in a $eq:

// Mongoose will convert this filter into `{ username: 'val', pwd: { $eq: { $ne: null } } }`, preventing
// a query selector injection.
await Test.find({ username: 'val', pwd: { $ne: null } }).setOptions({ sanitizeFilter: true });

To explicitly allow a query selector, use mongoose.trusted():

// `mongoose.trusted()` allows query selectors through
await Test.find({ username: 'val', pwd: mongoose.trusted({ $ne: null }) }).setOptions({ sanitizeFilter: true });

Removed omitUndefined: Mongoose now removes undefined keys in updates instead of setting them to null

In Mongoose 5.x, setting a key to undefined in an update operation was equivalent to setting it to null.

let res = await Test.findOneAndUpdate({}, { $set: { name: undefined } }, { new: true });

res.name; // `null` in Mongoose 5.x

// Equivalent to `findOneAndUpdate({}, {}, { new: true })` because `omitUndefined` will
// remove `name: undefined`
res = await Test.findOneAndUpdate({}, { $set: { name: undefined } }, { new: true, omitUndefined: true });

Mongoose 5.x supported an omitUndefined option to strip out undefined keys. In Mongoose 6.x, the omitUndefined option has been removed, and Mongoose will always strip out undefined keys.

// In Mongoose 6, equivalent to `findOneAndUpdate({}, {}, { new: true })` because Mongoose will
// remove `name: undefined`
const res = await Test.findOneAndUpdate({}, { $set: { name: undefined } }, { new: true });

The only workaround is to explicitly set properties to null in your updates:

const res = await Test.findOneAndUpdate({}, { $set: { name: null } }, { new: true });

Document Parameter to Default Functions

Mongoose now passes the document as the first parameter to default functions, which is helpful for using arrow functions with defaults.

This may affect you if you pass a function that expects different parameters to default, like default: mongoose.Types.ObjectId. See gh-9633. If you're passing a default function that does not utilize the document, change default: myFunction to default: () => myFunction() to avoid accidentally passing parameters that potentially change the behavior.

const schema = new Schema({
  name: String,
  age: Number,
  canVote: {
    type: Boolean,
    // Default functions now receive a `doc` parameter, helpful for arrow functions
    default: doc => doc.age >= 18
  }
});

Arrays are Proxies

Mongoose arrays are now ES6 proxies. You no longer need to markModified() after setting an array index directly.

const post = await BlogPost.findOne();

post.tags[0] = 'javascript';
await post.save(); // Works, no need for `markModified()`!

typePojoToMixed

Schema paths declared with type: { name: String } become single nested subdocs in Mongoose 6, as opposed to Mixed in Mongoose 5. This removes the need for the typePojoToMixed option. See gh-7181.

// In Mongoose 6, the below makes `foo` into a subdocument with a `name` property.
// In Mongoose 5, the below would make `foo` a `Mixed` type, _unless_ you set `typePojoToMixed: true`.
const schema = new Schema({
  foo: { type: { name: String } }
});

strictPopulate()

Mongoose now throws an error if you populate() a path that isn't defined in your schema. This is only for cases when we can infer the local schema, like when you use Query#populate(), not when you call Model.populate() on a POJO. See gh-5124.

Subdocument ref Function Context

When populating a subdocument with a function ref or refPath, this is now the subdocument being populated, not the top-level document. See #8469.

const schema = new Schema({
  works: [{
    modelId: String,
    data: {
      type: mongoose.ObjectId,
      ref: function(doc) {
        // In Mongoose 6, `doc` is the array element, so you can access `modelId`.
        // In Mongoose 5, `doc` was the top-level document.
        return doc.modelId;
      }
    }
  }]
});

Schema Reserved Names Warning

Using save, isNew, and other Mongoose reserved names as schema path names now triggers a warning, not an error. You can suppress the warning by setting the suppressReservedKeysWarning in your schema options: new Schema({ save: String }, { suppressReservedKeysWarning: true }). Keep in mind that this may break plugins that rely on these reserved names.

Subdocument Paths

Single nested subdocs have been renamed to "subdocument paths". So SchemaSingleNestedOptions is now SchemaSubdocumentOptions and mongoose.Schema.Types.Embedded is now mongoose.Schema.Types.Subdocument. See gh-10419

Creating Aggregation Cursors

Aggregate#cursor() now returns an AggregationCursor instance to be consistent with Query#cursor(). You no longer need to do Model.aggregate(pipeline).cursor().exec() to get an aggregation cursor, just Model.aggregate(pipeline).cursor().

autoCreate Defaults to true

autoCreate is true by default unless readPreference is secondary or secondaryPreferred, which means Mongoose will attempt to create every model's underlying collection before creating indexes. If readPreference is secondary or secondaryPreferred, Mongoose will default to false for both autoCreate and autoIndex because both createCollection() and createIndex() will fail when connected to a secondary.

No More context: 'query'

The context option for queries has been removed. Now Mongoose always uses context = 'query'.

Custom Validators with Populated Paths

Mongoose 6 always calls validators with depopulated paths (that is, with the id rather than the document itself). In Mongoose 5, Mongoose would call validators with the populated doc if the path was populated. See #8042

Disconnected Event with Replica Sets

When connected to a replica set, connections now emit 'disconnected' when connection to the primary is lost. In Mongoose 5, connections only emitted 'disconnected' when losing connection to all members of the replica set.

However, Mongoose 6 does not buffer commands while a connection is disconnected. So you can still successfully execute commands like queries with readPreference = 'secondary', even if the Mongoose connection is in the disconnected state.

Removed execPopulate()

Document#populate() now returns a promise and is now no longer chainable.

  • Replace await doc.populate('path1').populate('path2').execPopulate(); with await doc.populate(['path1', 'path2']);

  • Replace await doc.populate('path1', 'select1').populate('path2', 'select2').execPopulate(); with

    await doc.populate([{path: 'path1', select: 'select1'}, {path: 'path2', select: 'select2'}]);

create() with Empty Array

await Model.create([]) in v6.0 returns an empty array when provided an empty array, in v5.0 it used to return undefined. If any of your code is checking whether the output is undefined or not, you need to modify it with the assumption that await Model.create(...) will always return an array if provided an array.

Removed Nested Path Merging

doc.set({ child: { age: 21 } }) now works the same whether child is a nested path or a subdocument: Mongoose will overwrite the value of child. In Mongoose 5, this operation would merge child if child was a nested path.

ObjectId valueOf()

Mongoose now adds a valueOf() function to ObjectIds. This means you can now use == to compare an ObjectId against a string.

const a = ObjectId('6143b55ac9a762738b15d4f0');

a == '6143b55ac9a762738b15d4f0'; // true

Immutable createdAt

If you set timestamps: true, Mongoose will now make the createdAt property immutable. See gh-10139

Removed Validator isAsync

isAsync is no longer an option for validate. Use an async function instead.

Removed safe

safe is no longer an option for schemas, queries, or save(). Use writeConcern instead.

SchemaType set parameters

Mongoose now calls setter functions with priorValue as the 2nd parameter, rather than schemaType in Mongoose 5.

const userSchema = new Schema({
  name: {
    type: String,
    trimStart: true,
    set: trimStartSetter
  }
});

// in v5.x the parameters were (value, schemaType), in v6.x the parameters are (value, priorValue, schemaType).
function trimStartSetter(val, priorValue, schemaType) {
  if (schemaType.options.trimStart && typeof val === 'string') {
    return val.trimStart();
  }
  return val;
}

const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);

const user = new User({ name: 'Robert Martin' });
console.log(user.name); // 'robert martin'

toObject() and toJSON() Use Nested Schema minimize

This change was technically released with 5.10.5, but caused issues for users migrating from 5.9.x to 6.x. In Mongoose < 5.10.5, toObject() and toJSON() would use the top-level schema's minimize option by default.

const child = new Schema({ thing: Schema.Types.Mixed });
const parent = new Schema({ child }, { minimize: false });
const Parent = model('Parent', parent);
const p = new Parent({ child: { thing: {} } });

// In v5.10.4, would contain `child.thing` because `toObject()` uses `parent` schema's `minimize` option
// In `>= 5.10.5`, `child.thing` is omitted because `child` schema has `minimize: true`
console.log(p.toObject());

As a workaround, you can either explicitly pass minimize to toObject() or toJSON():

console.log(p.toObject({ minimize: false }));

Or define the child schema inline (Mongoose 6 only) to inherit the parent's minimize option.

const parent = new Schema({
  // Implicitly creates a new schema with the top-level schema's `minimize` option.
  child: { type: { thing: Schema.Types.Mixed } }
}, { minimize: false });

No default model for Query.prototype.populate()

In Mongoose 5, calling populate() on a mixed type or other path with no ref would fall back to using the query's model.

const testSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
  data: String,
  parents: Array // Array of mixed
});

const Test = mongoose.model('Test', testSchema);

// The below `populate()`...
await Test.findOne().populate('parents');
// Is a shorthand for the following populate in Mongoose 5
await Test.findOne().populate({ path: 'parents', model: Test });

In Mongoose 6, populating a path with no ref, refPath, or model is a no-op.

// The below `populate()` does nothing.
await Test.findOne().populate('parents');

MongoDB Driver's New URL Parser Incompatible with Some npm Packages

The MongoDB Node driver version that Mongoose 6 uses relies on a URL parser module that has several known compatibility issues with other npm packages. This can lead to errors like Invalid URL: mongodb+srv://username:password@development.xyz.mongodb.net/abc if you use one of the incompatible packages. You can find a list of incompatible packages here.

TypeScript changes

The Schema class now takes 3 generic params instead of 4. The 3rd generic param, SchemaDefinitionType, is now the same as the 1st generic param DocType. Replace new Schema<UserDocument, UserModel, User>(schemaDefinition) with new Schema<UserDocument, UserModel>(schemaDefinition)

Types.ObjectId is now a class, which means you can no longer omit new when creating a new ObjectId using new mongoose.Types.ObjectId(). Currently, you can still omit new in JavaScript, but you must put new in TypeScript.

The following legacy types have been removed:

  • ModelUpdateOptions
  • DocumentQuery
  • HookSyncCallback
  • HookAsyncCallback
  • HookErrorCallback
  • HookNextFunction
  • HookDoneFunction
  • SchemaTypeOpts
  • ConnectionOptions

Mongoose 6 infers the document's type for this in virtual getters and setters. In Mongoose 5.x, this would be any in the following code.

schema.virtual('myVirtual').get(function() {
  this; // any in Mongoose 5.x
});

In Mongoose 6, this will be set to the document type.

const schema = new Schema({ name: String });

schema.virtual('myVirtual').get(function() {
  this.name; // string
});

Removed reconnectTries and reconnectInterval options

The reconnectTries and reconnectInterval options have been removed since they are no longer necessary.

The MongoDB node driver will always attempt to retry any operation for up to serverSelectionTimeoutMS, even if MongoDB is down for a long period of time. So, it will never run out of retries or try to reconnect to MongoDB.

Localize
Full Stack Engineer
Anywhere
View more jobs!